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This theory accounts for mass beaching hot spots such as Ocean Beach, Tasmania and Geographe Bay, Western Australia where the slope is about half a degree (approximately 8 m deep one km out to sea). Their echolocation system can have difficulty picking up very gently-sloping coastlines. In some cases predators (such as killer whales) have been known to panic other whales, herding them towards the shoreline. In 2004, scientists at the University of Tasmania linked whale strandings and weather, hypothesizing that when cool Antarctic waters rich in squid and fish flow north, whales follow their prey closer towards land. Some strandings can be attributed to natural and environmental factors, such as rough weather, weakness due to old age or infection, difficulty giving birth, hunting too close to shore, or navigation errors. Whales have beached throughout human history, with evidence of humans salvaging from stranded sperm whales in southern Spain during the Upper Magdalenian era some 14,000 years before the present. "The Whale beached between Scheveningen and Katwijk, with elegant sightseers", by Esaias van de Velde, c. Įven multiple offshore deaths are unlikely to lead to multiple strandings, since winds and currents are variable, and will scatter a group of corpses. The strong social cohesion of toothed whale pods appears to be a key factor in many cases of multiple stranding: If one gets into trouble, its distress calls may prompt the rest of the pod to follow and beach themselves alongside. Multiple strandings Multiple strandings in one place are rare, and often attract media coverage as well as rescue efforts. Individual strandings Single live strandings are often the result of individual illness or injury in the absence of human intervention these almost inevitably end in death.
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Most carcasses never reach the coast, and are scavenged, or decompose enough to sink to the ocean bottom, where the carcass forms the basis of a unique local ecosystem called a whale fall. Since thousands of cetaceans die every year, many become stranded posthumously. Natural deaths at sea The carcasses of deceased cetaceans are likely to float to the surface at some point during this time, currents or winds may carry them to a coastline. Many theories, some of them controversial, have been proposed to explain beaching, but the question remains unresolved. The most obvious distinctions are between single and multiple strandings. Strandings can be grouped into several types. Cetaceans that spend most of their time in shallow, coastal waters almost never mass strand. Solitary species naturally do not strand en masse. The most common species to strand in the United Kingdom is the harbour porpoise the common dolphin ( Delphinus delphis) is second-most common, and after that long-finned pilot whales ( Globicephala melas).
This includes the sperm whale, oceanic dolphins, usually pilot and killer whales, and a few beaked whale species. Odontocetes that normally inhabit deep waters and live in large, tightly knit groups are the most susceptible. These species share some characteristics which may explain why they beach.īody size does not normally affect the frequency, but both the animals' normal habitat and social organization do appear to influence their chances of coming ashore in large numbers. Only about ten cetacean species frequently display mass beachings, with ten more rarely doing so.Īll frequently involved species are toothed whales (Odontoceti), rather than baleen whales (Mysticeti). Although the majority of strandings result in death, they pose no threat to any species as a whole. Beached false killer whales at Flinders Bay, Western Australia, 1986Įvery year, up to 2,000 animals beach themselves.
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